关键词骨髓基质干细胞;软骨细胞分化;细胞因子;(TGF-β1、IGF)
骨髓基质干细胞(mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs)在特定条件下可诱导分化为软骨细胞,人体内骨髓中MSCs的含量极其稀少,因此体外纯化和扩增MSCs就显得尤为重要。这些干细胞经过培养传代扩增,向软骨细胞方向分化,最终形成软骨[1]。已证实一些细胞因子如成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、转化生长因子(TGF-β1)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-Ⅰ)可以动员MSCs向软骨细胞分化[2],我们同时应用TGF-β1和IGF-Ⅰ与MSCs结合进行培养,观察其对MSCs软骨分化作用,并与单纯应用TGF-β1和IGF-Ⅰ时对MSCs诱导分化的结果向比较。在自制的BMG支架中培养兔的骨髓SMCs,研究和评价TGF-β1+IGF-Ⅰ、TGF-β1、IGF-Ⅰ对骨髓SMCs向软骨细胞诱导分化的影响和作用。
1材料和方法
1.1BMG的制备
在无菌条件下,切取2月龄新西兰大白兔髂骨,去筋膜及皮质骨,剩下的松质骨,用5mmol/LNaN3洗去血液,并浸泡24小时。用1:1氯仿甲醇反复脱脂直至液体清亮后,风浴挥发。1.0mmol/l盐酸进行脱钙48小时,再次脱脂过夜,风浴挥发。依次用2mol/LCaCI2、0.5mol/LEDTA溶液浸泡、4mol/LLiCI连续抽提24小时,用三蒸水反复漂洗除去残余试剂。以无水乙醇无水乙醚脱水、制成松质骨基质明胶(BMG)呈海绵状,-20℃保存,使用前紫外线照射12小时灭菌。
1.2MSCs分离
取健康2月龄大白兔2~2.5千克(华中科技大学同济医学院实验动物中心)雌雄不限。氯胺酮+异丙嗪肌注麻醉,双侧髂部剪毛后碘伏消毒,在无菌条件下用16号骨穿刺针在髂骨翼外侧穿入骨髓腔,针管内含有0.1ml肝素钠生理盐水,抽吸骨髓液6ml移入Mc5A培养液5ml的离心管内混匀,1500r/min离心5分钟,弃上层脂肪和上清。加入适量无血清培养液悬浮细胞,缓慢移入盛有比重为1.077淋巴细胞分离液的离心管中,以2000r/min离心20分钟,小心吸取界面的有核细胞乳白层,加入Mc5A培养液10ml,制成细胞悬液移入25cm2培养瓶中,置于37℃、5%CO2及饱和湿度培养箱中培养,倒置显微镜下观察呈形态一致的均质的分布均匀的细胞,计数每瓶中含有1.5×105个细胞/ml时,收集的骨髓MSC低温存储。
1.3培养和诱导MSC
将无血清Mc5A培养液分为A’B’C’D’四组:以每瓶中含有1.5×105个细胞/ml开始诱导培养,在24孔培养板中培养,分为四组,每组10个孔,孔内加入含有5ng/mlTGF-β1和100ng/mlIGF-Ⅰ无血清Mc5A培养液作为A组,加入含有5ng/mlTGF-β1无血清Mc5A培养液为B组,加入含有100ng/mlIGF-Ⅰ无血清Mc5A培养液作为C组,不加任何试剂的无血清Mc5A培养液作为D组作为空白对照组。第5天时进行细胞传代,并计数细胞个数。第10天细胞长满了瓶壁,在进行细胞传代,即用0.25%胰蛋白酶清洗贴壁的细胞,将未贴壁的死细胞及分泌代谢产物清洗倒出,再往瓶内加入0.25%胰蛋白酶3-5ml,放入培养箱中2-3分钟,观察瓶内贴壁的细胞已分离成为悬浮的圆形细胞,轻轻倒出胰酶,加入5ml上述的四种不同的无血清Mc5A培养液。在无菌条件下将约7×7mm2大小的块状BMG支架置入每个孔内,使悬浮的细胞液覆盖于支架上,第20天时观察BMG支架中细胞形态及分布,收集BMG支架低温储存。
1.4统计学分析
实验所得的数据以X±S表示,行方差分析,统计学处理。
2实验结果
2.1细胞形态和生长情况
最初接种的骨髓细胞悬液中呈圆形、大小不一,24h后,沉淀于瓶底,部分较大的圆形单核细胞贴壁;48h后贴壁的单核细胞开始增多,部分变成椭圆形;72h后细胞出现纺垂形改变,A组和B组的贴壁细胞明显增多;第5天时换液,在换液过程中骨髓中的造血干细胞不会贴壁而逐渐清除掉,细胞逐渐形成分散的细胞集落,其形状与大小各不相同,多为成纤维样细胞形态(图1)。第8天以后C组含有IGF-Ⅰ的培养瓶中有核细胞增殖加快,细胞数量明显增加。D组培养瓶中有核细胞数量相对较少。第10天时各培养瓶中集落细胞不断扩增,形态多转化为长梭形,少数呈多角形、三角形,分布不均(图2);观察细胞在BMG支架上爬满了细胞,呈团状或漩涡状生长,大量细胞长入松质骨海绵网孔内,且贴壁生长分布均匀(图3)。
*代表与空白对照组相比具有显著性差,MSC细胞个数均值和误差用X±S表示(p<0.05)。
统计学分析:第5天时A组与B、C、D组均有显著性差异,而B组与C组相比较亦有显著性差异;第10天时A、B、C组与空白对照组相比较均有显著性差异,A组与B、C组相比较亦有显著性差异,B组与C组相比较无显著性差异(p<0.05)。
2.2组织学检查
在所有组织切片中进行甲苯胺兰染色,显示细胞周围基质异染呈阳性,说明均含有蛋白多糖,其中A组异染性较强,B组和C组次之,D组较差(图省落)。
2.3GAG含量测定
第20天时通过二甲基亚甲基蓝比色法测定各组标本的GAG含量,天然关节软骨GAG含量为(50.46±7.50)mg/g。见表2。
*代表具有显著性差异,A组与各组相比较有显著性差异,B、C组与D组相比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)
3讨论
3.1本试验鉴于BMG具有良好的组织相容性,呈三维立体结构,可塑性强,且含有生物活性物质,对软骨细胞有支持和诱导的双重作用,因此BMG支架有可能成为一种较理想的软骨细胞支架。Urist等[3]认为BMG植入软骨缺损中后,其所含的BMP与间充质细胞膜表面受体结合,使细胞膜表面电荷发生改变,DNA序列发生改变,激活基因调节因子,诱导出能产生软骨和骨的DNA合成。Reddi等[4]研究认为BMG引起局部蛋白溶解,释放趋化因子,使间充质细胞趋附,通过纤维粘连蛋白(Fibronectin)及相关的细胞粘附蛋白与基质粘附,BMG释放有丝分裂因子促进细胞生长,在BMP的作用下,使间充质细胞分化为软骨细胞和骨细胞。我们自制的BMG经过脱钙、去脂、去蛋白等处理,降低了抗原性,保留了诱导软骨分化的活性因子,并且具有良好的组织亲和性和结合力。细胞三维培养有利于维持其形状,保持软骨细胞的表型和刺激基质代谢合成。我们利用自制的BMG作为载体,分析不同诱导剂对骨髓基质细胞软骨化作用,在各组中均观察到随时间的变化细胞数量不断增殖,可以看出BMG支架具有良好的生物相容性,支持和促进细胞的分化和生长。BMG提供了软骨细胞的良好环境,使MSCs在孔隙中粘附、分化和生长,它既可作为成软骨的支架,又可成为诱导软骨分化的TGF-β1和IGF-Ⅰ的载体,使生物活性因子在支架微环境中维持必要的浓度和持续释放,以发挥诱导软骨分化的功效。
3.2TGF-β是发现最早的能够诱发软骨生成的一种生物活性因子,最初是描述对软骨细胞增殖和分化作用,同时它可刺激MSCs的Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖的表达,可促进软骨细胞增殖、调节MSCs分化和细胞外基质合成的能力。在体外细胞培养中TGF-β1对骨髓基质细胞能起到向软骨细胞分化的作用的浓度范围为0.1-5ng/ml,TGF-β1在体内提高部分关节软骨缺损修复,同时对来源于滑膜中MSC起刺激分化作用,对关节软骨缺损加以补充修复。外源性IGF-Ⅰ可促进软骨细胞的有丝分裂和细胞外基质的Ⅱ型胶原及蛋白多糖合成和沉淀,实验证实在人体软骨内短时间增加IGF-Ⅰ,可增加局部软骨下骨的MSCs和软骨细胞修复能力;TGF-β1对IGF-Ⅰ的分泌作用有三种:(1)减少4KD的IGF结合蛋白(IGFBPS)数量,从而减少了IGFS与其受体相互作用,降低了IGFS的活性;(2)增加了IGF受体的结合位点,在某种程度上又增加了IGFS的活性;(3)下调了诱导型IGF受体的自身磷酸化,从而促进了骨髓基质干细胞的分化和软骨细胞的增殖及特异性基质的合成。
3.3在单层细胞培养时第5天细胞个数A、B组比其它两组都明显地增多,而A组又多于B组统计分析显著性差别,这说明在早期前5天内含有TGF-β1各组,MSCs增殖分化迅速,TGF-β1具有较强的刺激分化作用。第10天时A组细胞个数比其它各组明显地增多,B组和C组比空白对照组明显地增多,统计分析有显著性差别,而B组和C组的细胞个数相近,无显著性差别,说明IGF-1在后5天对细胞有较显著性刺激作用。移植到BMG中继续培养10天,IGF-1对细胞刺激作用越来越大,通过对BMG标本GAG含量测定结果分析:A组BMG标本中GAG含量最高,比其它各组有显著性差别,B组和C组比空白对照组有显著性差别,而B组和C组BMG标本中GAG含量较为接近,无显著性差别。进一步说明TGF-β1短期的促进软细胞分化的效果明显,后期IGF-1对细胞增殖作用比TGF-β1明显。说明IGF-1可作为外源性生长因子辅助TGF-β1对骨髓基质干细胞的软骨发生起作用,为关节软骨缺损的修复创造了良好的环境。
参考文献
[1]BerryL,GraniME,McclureJ,etal.Bone-marrow-derivedchondrogenesisinvitro.JCellSci,1992,101:333-342
[2]徐建强,杨庆铭,邓廉夫等.诱导后自体骨髓基质细胞移植修复兔关节软骨缺损.中华骨科杂志,2001,21(3):179-183
【摘要】
目的:检测视网膜色素上皮细胞对骨髓间充质干细胞分化的调节作用。方法:体外培养人骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)和视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞。RPE细胞采用紫外线照射处理,而后与CFSE标记的BMSC共培养14d。并在共培养体系中加入牛眼视网膜提取物(BRE)以研究视网膜成分对此分化过程的影响。采用NSE,Nestin和GFAP抗体标记检测BMSC分化前后的表达特征。结果:BMSC在与RPE细胞共培养后,能够分化成为神经样细胞,并表达神经性细胞的特异性标记NSE,Nestin和GFAP。BRE能够显著促进共培养体系中BMSC向神经样细胞的分化。结论:RPE和BRE能够诱导BMSC分化为神经样细胞。
【关键词】髓间充质干细胞;视网膜色素上皮细胞;神经样细胞;牛眼视网膜提取物
AbstractAIM:Todetectthedifferentiationeffectsofretinalcellsorextractsonbonemarrowderivedmesenchymalstemcells(BMSC).METHODS:HumanfetalBMSCwerepreviouslylabeledbycarboxyfluoresceinsuccinimidylester(CFSE),andcoculturedwithretinalpigmentepithelial(RPE)cellswhichwerepretreatedwithultravioletirradiationataratioof1∶1toinducethedifferentiationofBMSCforupto14days.Insomeassays,aretinalextractofbovineretinalextract(BRE)wasaddedtodetectthepotentialeffectsofretinalcomponentonthedifferentiationofBMSC.Inaddition,neuronspecificenolase(NSE),NestinandGlialfibrillaryacidicprotein(GFAP)immunostainingwereperformedtodeterminethecharacteristicsofBMSC.RESULTS:TheresultsindicatedthatbycoculturedwithRPEcells,fetalBMSCweredifferentiatedintoneurallikecellsexpressingspecialneuronalmarkersNestin,GFAPandNSE.AndtheexpressionofthesemarkerswasobviouslyincreasedbyBRE.CONCLUSION:RetinaderivedcellsandextractscaninducethedifferentiationofBMSCintoneurallikecells.
KEYWORDS:bonemarrowderivedmesenchymalstemcells;retinalpigmentepithelialcells;neurallikecells;bovineretinalextract
INTRODUCTION
Accordingtotheoriginandpotentialofdifferentiation,twotypesofstemcellscanbedistinguished:embryonicstemcells(ESC)andsomaticstemcells(SSC).SSCareisolatedfromfetal(aftergastrulation)oradulttissues,butclassicallythedifferentiationfateofthesecellsarebelievedtobelimitedtothecelltypesthatbelongtothetissuefromwhichtheyoriginate.However,previousstudieshavesuggestedthatthesetissuespecificstemcellsmightbeabletodifferentiateintocelltypesofotherlineages[1].Bonemarrowderivedmesenchymalstemcells(BMSC)areoneofthemajorsubpopulationsofSSC,whichisextensivelystudiedwithrespecttotransdifferentiationpotential[2].RecentstudieshavedescribedthatBMSCcanbedifferentiatedintoneurallikecellsinvitrounderspecificinducedcultureconditions[3,4]ordevelopedspontaneouslydifferentiationundernoninducedstandardcultureconditions[57].Usuallythedifferentiationisinducedjustbyadditionofgrowthfactorsand/orchemicalsinculturemedium.Theagentsincludeβmercaptoethanolanddimethylsulfoxide,epidermalgrowthfactor(EGF)andbrainderivedneurotrophicfactor(BDNF),isobutylmethylxanthine/dibutyrylcAMP,or5AzaC/growthfactors.Moreover,asmallproportionofBMSCderivedcellsdifferentiatedintoneuronlikecellsexpressingNeuNandglialcellsexpressingGlialfibrillaryacidicprotein(GFAP)whencoculturedwithratfetalmesencephalicorstriatalcells.Theretinalpigmentepithelium(RPE)isahexagonallypackedmonolayercellinocularretinathatperformscriticalfunctionsinthemaintenanceofthephysiologyofphotoreceptorswhichisdevelopedfromtheouterlayeroftheopticcup.TheresearchofChiouetal[8]showsthatcocultureofhumanBMSCwithhumanretinalpigmentepithelium(HRPE)cellsfacilitatestheretinaandphotoreceptorlineagedifferentiationofadulthumanBMSC.ThissystemindicatestheretinaldifferentiationpotentialofBMSC.Inthisstudy,weestablishedacoculturefetalBMSC/RPEsystembydirectlymixingthemandshowedthatundersuchcondition,fetalBMSCwasdifferentiatedintoneuralphenotypelikecellsandexpressedneuronalmarkerssuchasNestin,GFAPandneuralspecificenolase[5].Besides,ourresultsdemonstratedthatbovineretinalextract(BRE)couldmarkedlypromotedtheneurallineagedifferentiationoffetalBMSCinvitro.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
MaterialsHumanfetalBMSCwereculturedinthisassay.TheuseofhumantissuesinthisstudywasapprovedbytheShandongEyeInstituteMedicalEthicsCommitteeandwasincompliancewiththeDeclarationofHelsinki.Inordertoeliminateunwantedtypesofcellspresentedinthemarrowaspiration,mononuclearcellswereobtainedbyFicollHypaquedensitygradientcentrifugation(lymphoprep,1073g/L;TBD,China)andBMSCwereselectedbyplasticadhesion.Briefly,asmallpercentageofcellsisolatedfromthedensityinterfaceof1073g/Lwereseededin6wellplatesusingthemediumofLGDMEMsupplementedwith100mL/LFBS(Gibco,USA).After3daysundisturbedtopromotecellattachment,thenonadherentcellswereremovedbychangingthemedium.Atnearconfluence,abouttwoweeksafterinitialplating,cellsweresubculturedaftertrypsindigestion.FetalBMSCwereisolatedbyFicollHypaquedensitygradientcentrifugationandthephysicalpropertyofadherencetoplasticculturedisheswereconfirmed.BMSCculturedinourexperimentgrewasfibroblasticcellswithscantcytoplasmandcontaingranulesaroundnuclei,whichweresimilartothecellsdescribedinpreviousreports[8].FetalRPEcellswereisolatedandculturedasdescribedpreviously[9]andthesecellsshowedtypicalpolygonalshape.Briefly,sheetsofRPEweredissectedfromthechoroidsoffetaleyecupsandculturedinlowcalcium(0.05mmol/LCa2+)MEM(Sigma,St.Louis,MO;catalognumberM8028)mediumcontainingproposedsupplementsaccordingtothereportsofHuandBok[9].FloatingRPEcellswerecollectedandpassagedwithnormalcalciummedium(Sigma,St.Louis,MO;catalognumberM2279)containingthesamesupplements.
BMSC/RPEcocultureFirstly,fetalBMSCat35passagewerelabeledwithCFSE(PKCA705C375,ProbiorGmbH)inordertobedistinguishedfromRPEcells.Atotalof106to107cellswerewashedtwicewithphosphatebufferedsaline(PBS)andthenincubatedwith2.5μmol/LCFSEinPBSfor10minutesindarkatroomtemperature.Thencellswerewashedtwicewithmediacontaining100mL/LFBS.Secondly,thesecondpassageoffetalRPEcellswerepretreatedunderaUVlampfor15minutestoabolishitsselfroliferationasthemethodofChiouetal[8]andwashedthreetimeswithDHanks.Thentheinactivatedcellsweredigestedwith2.5g/Ltrypsin0.2g/LEDTAandresuspendedinmediumcontaining100mL/LFBS.Lastly,2×105offetalBMSCandRPEcellspreparedasaboveweremixedtogetherandplatedongelatincoated24wellsplatesforupto14days.Insomeassays,10μgBREwasaddedinthemedium.BREwaspreparedbyhomogenizing12freshbovineretinasper100mLCMFBSSandstirringovernightinthedarkat4℃.Themixturewasclearedbycentrifugation(12000gfor20minutes)andthesupernatantswerecollected[9].ThenoninducedfetalBMSCwereculturedasthecontrolgroup.Ineachgroupfourduplicatewellsweresetup,andtheassaywasrepeatedfor3timesindependently.
ImmunocytochemistryCellswerefixedat20℃withcoldmethanolfor5minutes.Forstaining,sampleswererehydratedinPBS/2mL/LTritonX100.Nonspecificbindingwasblockedwith100mL/LnormalseruminPBS/2mL/LTritonX100for30minutesatroomtemperature.Cellswerethenincubatedovernightat4℃withthefollowingprimaryantibodiesdilutedinblockingsolution,polyclonalrabbitantinestin(1∶100,Boster,China);polyclonalrabbitantiNSE(1∶100,Boster,China);polyclonalrabbitantiGFAP(readytouse,BeijingZhongshanGoldenBridgeBiotechnologyCO,LTD,China).RhodamineconjugatedGoatantirabbitIgG(1∶100;BeijingZhongshanGoldenBridgeBiotechnologyCO,LTD,China)wasusedassecondaryantibody.AfterwashingwithPBSfor3times,sampleswerecounterstainedwithDAPI(SantaCruz,USA).Negativecontrolswereperformedbyomittingprimaryantibodies.
RESULTS
DifferentiationofBMSCInthisassay,wedetectedthedifferentiationcharacteristicsofBMSCcoculturedwithinactivatedRPEcells.InordertodistinguishBMSCfromRPEcells,BMSCwerelabeledwithCFSEbeforecoculture.After3days,weobservedthatsomeofcytoplasmofculturedcellsretractedtowardthenucleus,presentingamoresphericalshapeandextendingprocesses;thechangedcellswereCFSEpositivedemonstratingtheBMSCorigin(Figure1).Furthermore,thecoculturedBMSCaggregatedintoneurospherelikebodyandcellswithaspindleshapedmorphologywereobserved10dayslater(Figure2).Immunocytochemistrywasperformedtoinvestigatetheexpressionofneuronalmarkers,includingNestin(neuralprecursormarker),NSE(neuronalmarker),andGFAP(astroglialmaker).TheseanalysisrevealedthatBMSCexpressedtheneuralmakerswhencoculturedwithRPE.Onthecontrary,noneuralmarkerwasfoundinuntreatedfetalBMSC(Figure3).Figure1ThemorphologicalchangesoffetalBMSCafterinducedfor3daysAandD,BMSCcoculturedwithRPEcellswithoutadditionofBRE;BandE,BMSCcoculturedwithRPEcellswithadditionofBRE;C,untreatedBMSC.A,BandC,phasecontrastphotomicrographs;DandE,confocalphotomicrographspresentingtheCFSEstainingcells,×100(略)Figure2ThemorphologicalchangesoffetalBMSCafterinducedfor10daysAandD,BMSCcoculturedwithRPEcellswithoutadditionofBRE;BandE,BMSCcoculturedwithRPEcellsadditionofBRE;C,untreatedBMSC.A,BandC,phasecontrastphotomicrographs;DandE,confocalphotomicrographspresentingtheCFSEstainingcells,×100(略)Figure3Nestin,NSEandGFAPexpressionofBMSCupregulatedinBREtreatedgroupafterinducedfor14days(Bar=100μm)A,DandG,+RPEcells,BRE;B,EandH,+RPEcells+BRE;C,FandI,untreated(略)
EffectsofBREInsomeassay,10μgBREwasaddedtotheinductionsystem.TheneuronlikemorphologyofBMSCtreatedwithBREinthemediumwasinducedmuchmoremarkedlyattheearlyinductionstage(Figure1).CFSEisusedtofluorescentlylabellivecellsandisequallypartitionedtodaughtercellsduringpisionandcanbeusedtomeasurecellproliferation.After10days,theCFSEintensityofthecellswasmarkedlydecreasedbyadditionofBREinculturemedium(Figure2),suggestingthatBREmaypromotetheproliferationofthecells.Theimmunoreactivityforspecificneuralmarkerswasincreasedobviously(Figure3).Especially,theexpressionofNSEandGFAPwassignificantlyupregulatedascomparedwiththegroupwithoutBRE.
DISCUSSION
Inthisstudy,wedetectedtheeffectsofRPEcellsandBREonthedifferentiationofBMSCtodeterminethepotentialinductionfunctionofretinaderivedcomponentsonBMSC.Beforeinduction,fetalBMSChadaflat,elongated,spindlelikestructure,similartothatoffibroblasts.Afterinduction,theCFSEpositiveBMSCshowedthemorphologicalcharacteristicsofneuronalcellssuchaslongmultipolarextensionsandbranchingendsafter3days;andthenaggregatedintospheroid10dayslater.AndtheneurallineagedifferentiationofBMSCwasdemonstratedbytheexpressionofsomespecificneuralmarkersdetectedbyimmunocytochemistryassay.Inaddition,BREcouldpromotetheneurallikecellsdifferentiationofBMSCinthiscoculturesystem.WedidntgetthesimilarresultsofdifferentiationBMSCintoretinallineagecellsasChiouetalbycocultureofBMSCwithRPEcellsinthisexperiment.Thismaybeattributedtotheexistenceofsomedifferencesbetweenourinductionmethods.Chiouetal[8]firstinducedtheBMSCtoaspheroidbodyusingneurogenicselectionmediumfor2weeks,andthenfollowedafurtherdifferentiationinthemediumcontainingRPEcellsasafeederlayerforanother23weeks.However,wedirectlycombinedtheundifferentiatedBMSCandRPEcellstogetherandinduceddifferentiationfor2weeks.ConsideringtheneuralectodermdevelopingoriginofRPE,RPEcellsmayplayaroleininducingBMSCintoneurallineagecells.
PreviousreportsseemedthattheproteinofBREhasthefunctionofmaintenancetheproliferationanddifferentiationofRPEcells[9].InordertodetectwhetherBREcouldhavesomefunctioninBMSCdifferentiation,10μgprotein/mLofBREwasused.TheresultsrevealedthatBREcouldpromoteahigherexpressionofnestin,anintermediatefilamentproteinthatispredominantlyexpressedduringneuraldevelopmenttosomedegree[10].Especially,BREalsoenhancedtheexpressionofNSE,auniqueformoftheglycolyticenzymeenolasefoundinneuronsandinvirtuallyalloftheneuroendocrine,paraneuronalcelltypes,andGFAP,aglialproteinthatisfoundinglialcellssuchasastrocytes.TheseresultsindicatedthatBREcouldpromotetheneuraldifferentiationofBMSC.GiventhattheretinaisdevelopedfromneuralectodermandconsideringthatBREcontainsprominentportionofintracellularproteinswhichdonotreleaseandcontactcellduringretinaldevelopment;ourresultssuggestedthatsomeoftheretinalcomponentmusthavefunctionsininducingthedifferentiationofneurallineagecells.Interesting,theseneurallikecellsdifferentiatedfromBMSCinthisassayarebothNSEandGFAPpositive,wesupposethattheseneurallikecellsareneuron/astrocyteprecursorcellswhichmayfurtherdifferentiatedintoneuronorastrocytecells.Inconclusion,BMSCfromfetalbonemarrowweredifferentiatedintoneurallikecellsexpressingthespecialmarkersofneuralcellsbycoculturewithRPEcells,andthecomponentfromretinalmaypromoteBMSCchangingintoneurallineagecells.
参考文献
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【关键词】Micro-RNA;人肾细胞癌;深度测序技术
Micro-RNA(miRNA)是一类由22~23个核苷酸组成的短分子RNA,能在转录和翻译后水平调节各类基因。miRNA广泛作用于细胞生长、发育、代谢、凋亡等多种生物反应进程,其表达量的改变与多种疾病直接相关[1-2],是近十年来生命科学领域的研究重点和热点之一。利用新的生物学技术与计算机技术探索和发现新的miRNA、研究miRNA表达谱、确定miRNA作用靶标以及研究体内miRNA表达等,是目前miRNA研究的重点,旨在揭示miRNA在生命进程与疾病中起到的重要作用。
肾细胞癌(renalcellcarcinoma,RCC),起源于肾脏的肾小管或集合管的上皮细胞,具有不同的病理类型,其发病原因还不十分明确[3]。miRNA在肾的正常发育、肾细胞癌病变过程中的作用还没有明确的报道,需要深入研究。笔者利用小分子RNA深度测序技术[4],在培养的人肾细胞癌分化细胞系HRC-DH1与人胚肾细胞细胞系HEK293中建立了相应的miRNA表达谱,分析与人胚肾细胞正常生长于癌细胞分化过程定miRNA的表达差异,为揭示miRNA在相应过程中的作用机制奠定基础。
1材料与方法
1.1实验材料
1.1.1人肾细胞癌分化细胞系HRC-DH1与人胚肾细胞细胞系HEK293购自中科院上海细胞所。
1.1.2RNA提取试剂Trizol购自Invitrogen公司,DMEM培养基购自GIBCO公司,其他相关生物材料与试剂由国内生物公司提供。
1.2实验方法
1.2.1细胞的培养常规条件培养HRC-DH1与人胚肾细胞细胞系HEK293,37℃,5%CO2,DMEM培养基培养。
1.2.2RNA的提取提取细胞总RNA前,弃培养基上清,加入PBS洗两次,弃去PBS后,加入Trizol,刮下细胞,按说明书步骤提取细胞总RNA,整个RNA提取过程,在低温或者冰上进行,以减少RNA降解。
1.2.3小分子RNA的深度测序提取实验组细胞总RNA跑胶回收30bp以下小分子RNA,在5’和3’分别加上一对SolexaAdaptor,这些小分子RNA再用Adaptor引物经17个循环的扩增,回收90bp(小分子RNA+Adaptor)左右片段,送武汉华大基因生物公司测序。
2结果
2.1人肾细胞癌分化细胞系HRC-DH1分化不同阶段miRNA表达量变化人肾细胞癌分化细胞系HRC-DH1分化的不同阶段,多数miRNA表达量(拷贝数)相对恒定,这些表达量恒定的miRNA具有维持正常细胞功能的作用。而miR-16,21,29a/b,27a,424/322簇,99b,374a等miRNA在HRC-DH1细胞分化过程中,表达量下降,降幅超过2倍,miR-368则有两倍以上的表达量增加(表1)。这种表达量变化,与分化时间,即分化程度相关(图1)。
2.2人胚肾细胞细胞系HEK293不同生长状态miRNA表达量变化培养人胚肾细胞细胞系HEK293细胞,分别收获正常生长状态、指数生长期和接触抑制期的细胞,提取总RNA进行小分子RNA深度测序。结果显示,不同生长状态下,特有miRNA表达量有显著变化,见表2。在对数生长期状态下,miR-142、16、32、92a、424/322簇、20a、19a、10a等miRNA有两倍以上表达量上升,提示这些miRNA在细胞快速生长过程中起到重要作用。相对于对数生长状态,接触抑制生长状态下的HEK293细胞其miR-142、32、19a、196b和10a等miRNA表达量有一定程度减少,其中miR-142下降幅度超过2倍,见图2。